Section 1138. Determination of tax

(a) (1) If a return required by this
  article is not filed,  or  if  a  return  when  filed  is  incorrect  or
  insufficient,  the  amount  of  tax  due  shall  be  determined  by  the
  commissioner from such information as may be  available.  If  necessary,
  the tax may be estimated on the basis of external indices, such as stock
  on  hand,  purchases,  rental  paid, number of rooms, location, scale of
  rents or charges, comparable rents or charges,  type  of  accommodations
  and service, number of employees or other factors. In the case of retail
  food  stores  and  other  participants approved for participation in the
  federal food stamp program under or pursuant to the federal  food  stamp
  act  of  nineteen  hundred  seventy-seven  (7 U.S.C. § 2011 et seq.), as
  amended, whose records are incomplete or inadequate  to  determine  tax,
  the  external indices upon which tax may be estimated and determined may
  also  include  information  contained  in   applications,   updates   of
  applications,  redemption  certificates,  returns and reports which such
  retail food stores and other participants furnish to or are furnished by
  the United States government or this state or their  agencies  in  order
  for such retail food stores and other participants to participate in the
  food stamp program or to redeem coupons issued under or pursuant to such
  food  stamp act and any other available information considered relevant.
  Notice of such determination shall be mailed to the  person  or  persons
  liable   for  the  collection  or  payment  of  the  tax.  A  notice  of
  determination shall be mailed by certified or  registered  mail  to  the
  person or persons liable for the collection or payment of the tax at his
  last known address in or out of this state. If such person or persons is
  deceased  or  under a legal disability, a notice of determination may be
  mailed to his last known address in or out of  this  state,  unless  the
  department   has  received  notice  of  the  existence  of  a  fiduciary
  relationship with respect to the taxpayer. After ninety  days  from  the
  mailing of a notice of determination, such notice shall be an assessment
  of  the  amount  of  tax  specified  in  such  notice, together with the
  interest, additions to tax and penalties stated in such  notice,  except
  only  for  any  such  tax  or other amounts as to which the taxpayer has
  within such ninety day period applied to the division of tax appeals for
  a  hearing,  or  unless  the  commissioner  of  his  own  motion   shall
  redetermine  the  same. If the notice of determination is addressed to a
  person outside of the United States, such period shall  be  one  hundred
  fifty days instead of ninety days.
    (2)  Whenever  such  tax is estimated as provided for in this section,
  such notice shall contain a statement in bold  face  type  conspicuously
  placed  on such notice advising the taxpayer: that the amount of the tax
  was estimated; that the tax may be challenged through a hearing process;
  and that the petition for such challenge must  be  filed  with  the  tax
  commission within ninety days.
    (3)  (A)  The  liability  of  a  purchaser,  transferee or assignee of
  business assets sold, transferred or assigned in bulk for the payment to
  the state of taxes determined to be due from the seller,  transferor  or
  assignor  arising  under  subdivision  (c)  of  section  eleven  hundred
  forty-one of this chapter  shall  be  an  assessment  of  the  liability
  determined  unless  the purchaser, transferee or assignee, within ninety
  days after the giving of notice by the tax commission to such purchaser,
  transferee or assignee of the total amount of any tax or taxes which the
  state claims to be due from the seller, transferor  or  assignor,  shall
  apply  to the tax commission for a hearing or unless the tax commission,
  on its own motion, shall  redetermine  such  liability.  Where  the  tax
  commission  determines  that  the amount of taxes claimed to be due from
  the seller, transferor or assignor is erroneous or excessive in whole or
  in part it shall, on behalf of the purchaser,  transferee  or  assignee,

  determine  the amount of tax or taxes properly due and if such amount is
  less than the amount of taxes for which the purchaser  would  have  been
  liable  in  the  absence  of  such  determination  it  shall reduce such
  liability  accordingly.  The  commission  may,  on its motion, abate, on
  behalf of the purchaser, transferee or assignee, any part of  the  taxes
  determined  to  be erroneous or excessive, whether or not such taxes had
  become finally and irrevocably fixed.
    (B) The liability, pursuant  to  subdivision  (a)  of  section  eleven
  hundred  thirty-three  of  this  article,  of  any  officer, director or
  employee of a corporation or  of  a  dissolved  corporation,  member  or
  employee  of  a  partnership or employee of an individual proprietorship
  who as such officer, director, employee or member is under a duty to act
  for  such  corporation,  partnership  or  individual  proprietorship  in
  complying  with  any  requirement  of  this article for the tax imposed,
  collected or required to be collected, or for the  tax  required  to  be
  paid  or  paid  over  to  the tax commission under this article, and the
  amount of such tax liability (whether or not a  return  is  filed  under
  this  article,  whether  or  not  such return when filed is incorrect or
  insufficient, or where the tax shown to be due on the return filed under
  this article has not been paid or has not been paid in  full)  shall  be
  determined  by  the  tax  commission  in  the  manner  provided  for  in
  paragraphs one and two of this subdivision. Such determination shall  be
  an  assessment of the tax and liability for the tax with respect to such
  person unless such person, within ninety days after the giving of notice
  of such determination, shall apply to the division of tax appeals for  a
  hearing.    If  such  determination  is  identical to or arises out of a
  previously issued determination of tax  of  the  corporation,  dissolved
  corporation,  partnership  or  individual  proprietorship for which such
  person is under a duty to act, an application filed with the division of
  tax  appeals  on  behalf  of  the  corporation,  dissolved  corporation,
  partnership  or individual proprietorship shall be deemed to include any
  and all subsequently  issued  personal  determinations  and  a  separate
  application  to  the  division of tax appeals for a hearing shall not be
  required. The tax commission  may,  nevertheless,  of  its  own  motion,
  redetermine  such  determination  of tax or liability for tax. Where the
  tax commission determines or redetermines that the amount of tax claimed
  to be due from a vendor of tangible personal  property  or  services,  a
  recipient  of  amusement charges, or an operator of a hotel is erroneous
  or excessive in whole or in part, it shall redetermine the amount of tax
  properly due from any such person as a person required  to  collect  tax
  with  respect to such vendor, recipient, or operator, and if such amount
  is less than the amount of tax for which such  person  would  have  been
  liable in the absence of such determination or redetermination, it shall
  reduce  such liability accordingly. Furthermore, the tax commission may,
  of its own motion, abate on behalf of any such person, any part  of  the
  tax  determined to be erroneous or excessive whether or not such tax had
  become finally and irrevocably fixed with respect to such person but  no
  claim  for  abatement may be filed by any such person. The provisions of
  this paragraph shall not be construed to limit in any manner the  powers
  of  the attorney general under subdivision (a) of section eleven hundred
  forty-one or the powers of the tax commission to issue a  warrant  under
  subdivision  (b)  of such section against any person whose liability has
  become finally and irrevocably fixed.
    (C) The liability of any person as an owner of a filling station,  for
  the   penalty   imposed  by  subparagraph  (vii)  of  paragraph  one  of
  subdivision (a) of section eleven hundred forty-five, and the amount  of
  such   penalty   shall   be  determined  by  the  tax  commission.  Such
  determination shall be an assessment of the amount of and liability  for

  penalty  with  respect  to such person unless such person, within ninety
  days after the giving of notice of such determination,  shall  apply  to
  the  tax commission for a hearing. The tax commission may, nevertheless,
  of  its  own  motion,  redetermine  such  determination or liability for
  penalty. Furthermore, the tax commission may, of its own  motion,  abate
  any  part of the penalty determined to be erroneous or excessive whether
  or not such penalty  has  become  finally  and  irrevocably  fixed  with
  respect  to  such  person but no claim for abatement may be filed by any
  such person. The provisions of this paragraph shall not be construed  to
  limit in any manner the powers of the attorney general under subdivision
  (a) of section eleven hundred forty-one of this article or the powers of
  the  tax  commission  to  issue  a warrant under subdivision (b) of such
  section against any  person  whose  liability  has  become  finally  and
  irrevocably fixed.
    (D)  The  liability  of any person, as an owner of a place of business
  selling cigarettes at retail, for the penalty  imposed  by  subparagraph
  (viii)  of  paragraph  one  of subdivision (a) of section eleven hundred
  forty-five of this article and the  amount  of  such  penalty  shall  be
  determined   by   the  commissioner.  Such  determination  shall  be  an
  assessment of the amount of and liability for such penalty with  respect
  to  such person, unless such person, within ninety days after the giving
  of notice of such determination, shall apply  to  the  division  of  tax
  appeals  for  a  hearing.  The  commissioner  may,  nevertheless, on the
  commissioner's own motion, redetermine such determination.  Furthermore,
  the  commissioner  may, on the commissioner's own motion, abate any part
  of the penalty determined to be erroneous or excessive  whether  or  not
  such  penalty  has  become finally and irrevocably fixed with respect to
  such person; but no claim for abatement may be filed by any such person.
  The provisions of this paragraph shall not be construed to limit in  any
  manner  the  powers  of  the  attorney  general under subdivision (a) of
  section eleven hundred forty-one of this article or the  powers  of  the
  commissioner  to  issue  a warrant under subdivision (b) of such section
  against any person whose liability has become  finally  and  irrevocably
  fixed.
    (E)  In  addition  to any other liability a credit card issuer or fuel
  distributor may have, the commissioner shall determine any or all of the
  following liabilities: (1) any tax, interest or penalty liability  of  a
  credit  card issuer or fuel distributor for any credit allowed or refund
  paid under subdivision (h) of section eleven hundred thirty-nine of this
  part which was erroneously, illegally or unconstitutionally  allowed  or
  paid  to such credit card issuer or fuel distributor, or (2) the penalty
  imposed by subparagraph (ix) of paragraph  one  of  subdivision  (a)  of
  section  eleven  hundred  forty-five of this part. In any such instance,
  the commissioner shall give the credit card issuer or  fuel  distributor
  notice  of  such  determination in the manner described in paragraph one
  and two of this subdivision. Such determination shall be  an  assessment
  of   any   such  liability  unless  such  credit  card  issuer  or  fuel
  distributor, within ninety days after the  giving  of  such  notice  and
  determination,  shall  apply  to  the  commissioner  for  a hearing. The
  commissioner may, nevertheless, of his or her  own  motion,  redetermine
  such   determination   or   liability   for  penalty.  Furthermore,  the
  commissioner may, of his or her  own  motion,  abate  any  part  of  the
  penalty  determined  to  be  erroneous  or excessive whether or not such
  penalty has become finally and irrevocably fixed with  respect  to  such
  issuer  or  fuel  distributor  but no claim of abatement may be filed by
  such issuer or fuel distributor. The provisions of this paragraph  shall
  not  be  construed  to  limit  in  any manner the powers of the attorney
  general under subdivision (a) of section  eleven  hundred  forty-one  of

  this  part  or  the  powers of the commissioner to issue a warrant under
  subdivision (b)  of  such  section  against  any  such  issuer  or  fuel
  distributor whose liability has become finally and irrevocably fixed.
    (4)  After  the hearing provided for in paragraph one or three of this
  subdivision, the division of tax appeals shall give notice  promptly  by
  registered  or certified mail of the determination of the administrative
  law judge to the petitioner and to  the  commissioner  of  taxation  and
  finance.  Such determination may be reviewed by the tax appeals tribunal
  as provided in article forty of this chapter. The decision  of  the  tax
  appeals  tribunal  may  be  reviewed as provided in section two thousand
  sixteen of this chapter. Such a proceeding for judicial review shall not
  be instituted unless the amount of any tax sought to be  reviewed,  with
  penalties  and  interest  thereon, if any, shall be first deposited with
  the commissioner of taxation and finance and there shall be  filed  with
  the  commissioner  of  taxation  and finance an undertaking, issued by a
  surety company  authorized  to  transact  business  in  this  state  and
  approved by the superintendent of insurance of this state as to solvency
  and  responsibility,  in  such  amount as a justice of the supreme court
  shall approve to the effect that if such proceeding be dismissed or  the
  tax  confirmed  the  petitioner will pay all costs and charges which may
  accrue in the prosecution of the proceeding, or at  the  option  of  the
  petitioner  such undertaking filed with the commissioner of taxation and
  finance may be in a sum sufficient to cover  the  taxes,  penalties  and
  interest thereon stated in such determination plus the costs and charges
  which  may  accrue  against him in the prosecution of the proceeding, in
  which event the petitioner shall not be required to deposit such  taxes,
  penalties  and  interest as a condition precedent to the commencement of
  the proceeding. The preceding sentence shall not apply to  a  proceeding
  brought  to  review  a  determination  made  under  subparagraph  (B) of
  paragraph three of this subdivision.
    (b) If the tax commission believes that the collection of any tax will
  be jeopardized by delay it may determine the  amount  of  such  tax  and
  assess  the  same,  together with all interest and penalties provided by
  law, against any person liable therefor  prior  to  the  filing  of  his
  return  and  prior  to the date when his return is required to be filed.
  The amount so determined  shall  become  due  and  payable  to  the  tax
  commission  by  the  person  against  whom such a jeopardy assessment is
  made, as soon as notice  thereof  is  given  to  him  personally  or  by
  registered  or certified mail. The provisions of subdivision (a) of this
  section shall apply to any such determination except to the extent  that
  they  may  be  inconsistent with the provisions of this subdivision. The
  tax commission may abate  any  jeopardy  assessment  if  it  finds  that
  jeopardy  does  not exist. The collection of any jeopardy assessment may
  be stayed by filing with the tax commission a bond issued  by  a  surety
  company  authorized  to  transact business in this state and approved by
  the superintendent of  insurance  as  to  solvency  and  responsibility,
  conditioned upon payment of the amount assessed and interest thereon, or
  any  lesser  amount  to  which such assessment may be reduced by the tax
  commission or by a proceeding under article seventy-eight of  the  civil
  practice  law  and rules as provided in subdivision (a), such payment to
  be made when the assessment or any such  reduction  thereof  shall  have
  become  final and not subject to further review. If such a bond is filed
  and thereafter a proceeding under article seventy-eight is commenced  as
  provided  in  subdivision  (a),  deposit  of  the  taxes,  penalties and
  interest assessed shall not be required as a condition precedent to  the
  commencement  of  such  proceeding. Where a jeopardy assessment is made,
  any property seized for the collection of the tax shall not be sold  (1)
  until  expiration  of  the  time  to  apply for a hearing as provided in

  subdivision (a) of this section, and (2) if such application  is  timely
  filed,  until the expiration of four months after the tax commission has
  given notice of  its  determination  to  the  person  against  whom  the
  assessment  is made; provided, however, such property may be sold at any
  time if such person has failed to attend a hearing of which he has  been
  duly  notified,  or if he consents to the sale, or if the tax commission
  determines that  the  expenses  of  conservation  and  maintenance  will
  greatly reduce the net proceeds, or if the property is perishable.
    (c) A person liable for collection or payment of tax (whether or not a
  determination  assessing  a  tax  pursuant  to  subdivision  (a) of this
  section has been issued) shall be entitled to have a  tax  due  assessed
  prior  to  the  ninety-day period referred to in subdivision (a) of this
  section, by filing  with  the  tax  commission  a  signed  statement  in
  writing,  in such form as the tax commission shall prescribe, consenting
  thereto.
    (d) Except as otherwise provided in subdivision (a) of  this  section,
  the  provisions of this section shall not be applicable to the liability
  of a purchaser, transferee or assignee arising under the  provisions  of
  subdivision (c) of section eleven hundred forty-one of this chapter.